Literary Analysis of Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay

Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a play with themes that parallel the folly of the festival it is named after. The main storyline of the plot plays on this a lot by mixing up the stereotypes around gender that were very present at the time. However, a sub-plot involving secondary characters defines this theme even more. It takes the idea even further by relating servants’ attempts to blur the lines between social classes. Twelfth Night’s Maria and Malvolio both have great aspirations to rise above their social class. However, Maria succeeds where Malvolio fails because of her capability to make use of the satiric ambiance of her mistress’s household to achieve her goals. To begin this essay, I will provide a brief analysis of the†¦show more content†¦In Shakespeare’s play, Malvolio and Maria both wish to do this; one by courting Olivia, and the other by trying to get closer to Sir Toby. The main difference between the two characters is Malvolio’s self-adulation and lust for power in comparison of Maria’s cleverness and her willingness to put her immediate wants aside to ultimately satisfy her craving for a better social standing at a later time. Malvolio’s immediate addiction to power and wish to get revenge on others overcomes any will he could have to play a part to access a higher social status. While some may think that Malvolio is essentially a moral and just person, this can be disproved by shedding more light on his less-honourable practices, like his abuse of power. Essentially, like it is pointed out even by her mistress (INSERT QUOTE), Malvolio is just an extensively pompous person. Personality-wise, his narcistic and patronizing ways are made to recall those of a nobleman. These traits fit in easily with his character, as he obviously aspires to be part Illyria’s nobility one day (INSERT QUOTE). The essence of Malvolio’s personality is ascertained by Maria when she describes him as a Puritan (INSERT QUOTE). In the Elizabethan era, Puritans were stereotypically associated with being kill-joys and an excessive hatred of theatre. Maria is one of Twelfth Night’s characters whose superior intellect seemingly clashes with her social standingShow MoreRelatedElizabethan Poetry Analysis1292 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout my analysis, I will be discussing these different views of women as seen in Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130† and his drama, the Twelfth Night, or What You Will. To begin, I want to provide a brief summary of each literary work I will be discussing. Shakespeare’s â€Å"Sonnet 130† is a poem where the speaker describes his mistress and how she does not meet any of society’s beauty standards that are common in other love novels. Regardless of that, the speaker still loves her. Similarly, the Twelfth NightRead MoreThemes Of Social Mobility Through Marriage1655 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper critically analyses the theme of social mobility through marriage in Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’. In addition, the paper highlights how different characters in the play got into higher social classes or desired to be in higher social classes through marriage. This paper holds that in a highly stratified society such as that presented in the Shakespeare’s play; marriage plays a significant role in in social class mobility. As opposed to some traditional society where marriage wasRead MoreScene Analysis Of The Twelfth Night1351 Words   |  6 Pages Our group proposed, presented, and directing the stage performance for the Twelfth Night. In the beginning of the semester I had no clue of what to expect from this course, and reading the syllabus made Shakespeare’s Plays seem complex. 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Identify And Briefly Explain Three Func - 1490 Words

A. Identify and briefly explain three functions of religion (9 marks) Marxism believes it acts as the ‘opium for the exploited working class people’. Religion would cushion the pain of oppression and exploitation in unequal societies such as in a capitalist society. It legitimized and maintained the power of the ruling class – helps to maintain the status quo by preventing the less powerful from changing things. Feminists see religion as a conservative force because it acts as an ideology that legitimates patriarchal power and maintains women’s subordination in the family and wider society. Functionalists see religion acting as a ‘collective conscience’. Bringing people to have shared beliefs and moral attitudes which operate as a†¦show more content†¦Neo Marxists, a modernised version of Marxism, holds such a view. Neo-Marxist ‘Otto Maduro’ comments on how religion has the power to spark revolutionary change. He points to the example in Latin America, a predominantly catholic country. During the Somoza regime, many priests began to break away from the Catholic Church, claiming that it was their God-given duty to help and release those who were oppressed. They began cooperating with Marxists, and started to preach â€Å"liberation theology† (movement with strong commitment to poor and opposition to military dictatorships). These religious views challenged the status quo, and led to a revolution in Nicaragua. This example highlights how religion can acts as a force for social change, and there are many other examples which support the claims of supports of this view. Parkin for example, comments on how the Christian Churches of southern America provided an organisational structure for the black â€Å"civil rights movement† during the age of apartheid. Nelson mentions a number of examples of when religion has undermined authority or promoted change; such as when the Catholic Church in Poland opposed Communism, and how Archbishop Desmond Tutu was a strong opponent of apartheid. Perhaps the mostShow MoreRelatedOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 PagesHRM? Explain why are we concerned about HRM? Discuss Road-map of HRM VU Lesson 1 LESSON OVERVIEW This chapter introduces the students with the basic concepts of the human resource management (HRM). During the lecture, we will be discussing the three main things, i.e. the introduction to HRM, the importance of HRM, and a brief discussion of the Resource topics that will follow today’s lecture. A basic concept of management states that manager works in organizations. Organization has three basicRead MoreManaging the International Value Chain in the Automotive Industry60457 Words   |  242 Pagesresource management and infrastructure (Porter 1986a: 29-32).2 This detailed description of the value chain is useful for analyzing âž” competitive advantages. Breaking down a company into its individual value activities makes it possible to identify the current and potential contribution of each activity to the company’s competitive position (Porter 1986a: 19). The value activities of a company, whether they are primary or secondary, can be distr ibuted among different countries. The geographicalRead MoreHsc General Math Textbook with Answers153542 Words   |  615 PagesCambridge HOTmaths lessons, spreadsheet ï ¬ les (Excel format) and PowerPoint ï ¬ les are available to support this textbook. In the electronic version of the textbook (PDF) these icons are hyperlinks to the material in question. Numbers under the icons identify the lesson or ï ¬ le in the teaching program. Cambridge HOTmaths revision material available online with subscription Spreadsheet ï ¬ le available on teacher disk PowerPoint ï ¬ le available on student and teacher disk About the author Greg Powers isRead MoreMonte Carlo Simulation218872 Words   |  876 Pagesdiscuss them explicitly. In addition, an appendix gives precise statements of the most important tools from stochastic calculus. This book divides roughly into three parts. The ï ¬ rst part, Chapters 1–3, develops fundamentals of Monte Carlo methods. Chapter 1 summarizes the theoretical foundations of derivatives pricing and Monte Carlo. It explains the principles by which a pricing problem can be formulated as an integration problem to which Monte Carlo is then applicable. Chapter 2 discusses random number

Complex Formation and Precipitation free essay sample

Complex Formation and Precipitation. INTRODUCTION Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution as the result of either a chemical reaction, or supersaturating a solution with a salt resulting in solid material collecting on the bottom of the beaker (Housecroft amp; Constable, 2006). When the solution has been supersaturated by a compound and no more material can be supported by the solution, it considered as precipitate. Commonly, the solid will fall out of the solute phase and sinks to the bottom part of the solution. However, the solid may float on top of the solution or suspended within the solution if the precipitate is less than the aqueous solution. On the other hand, complex formation is the soluble compound that can increase the solubility of an insoluble salt form in aqueos solution (Housecroft amp; Constable, 2006). They are formed from a cation such as water or ammonia that has pair of electrons that become attracted to the positively charged cation. In terms of the solubility, the formation of a complex lowers the concentration of the cation in the solution. In this experiment, there are 3 parts need to be done which is complex formation, weak acids and bases and precipitation reaction. During complex formation experiment, student needs to observe the different reaction occur when adding ammonia or sodium hydroxide in small quantity and in excess. At the second part, student needs to measure the pH of different solution by using universal indicator paper and determine whether each solution is acidic, basic or neutral. Lastly, the precipitation reaction is observed by using phosphates, chlorides and silver halides groups. AIMS The main objective of this experiment was to identify certain inorganic reaction types and the differences in solubility of silver halides. Thus, a series of inorganic reactions was carried out as an introduction to complex formation and precipitation. All the reaction in this experiment involved alteration of equilibrium by changing concentration to make precipitation to form or dissolve. Other than that, weak acid and bases of the solution can be identified and students able to write the balanced equations for inorganic reactions. PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. Precipitation reaction is a type of reaction that forms a solid in a solution as a result of chemical reaction or supersaturating a solution. This reaction involves changing the soluble ions into insoluble compound and as a result precipitate is formed when the solution has been saturated by a compound (Heitz, 2005). 2. Inorganic complex consists of a central ion or atom (usually metallic) that is surrounded by anions or molecules bound to the central ion/metal via chemical bonds that range in strength from weak to strong (Heitz, 2005). 3. Trigonal planar, tetrahedral and octahedral. METHODS * PART A: COMPLEX FORMATION (AMMONIA COMPLEXES) . 0. 5 cm3 of dilute zinc nitrate, cupric nitrate and lead nitrate solutions was poured into 3 different test tubes. 2. 4 M of ammonia solution was added dropwise in each test tube until each solution turn alkaline (test with pH paper). 3. Ammonia solution was added more and observes if any precipitate dissolves. 4. The experiment was repeated by re placing the ammonia solution with 2 M of sodium hydroxide. * PART A: COMPLEX FORMATION (IODIDE COMPLEXES) 1. Saturated solution of potassium hydroxide was added dropwise to 0. 5 cm3 of 0. 1 M mercuric nitrate solution until the precipitate of HgI2 just dissolves by forming [HgI4]2-. . Saturated solution of potassium hydroxide was added dropwise to 5 drops of 0. 1 M lead nitrate solution until the precipitate of PbI2 just dissolves by forming [PbI4]2-. 3. The solution of [PbI4]2- was added to about 10 times its volume of distilled water in a medium test tube. 4. The amounts of I- required to dissolve the precipitates formed was compared between Hg (II) and Pb (II). * PART B: WEAK ACIDS AND BASES 1. The pH of distilled water, sodium chloride, aluminium sulphate, ammonium chloride, trisodium phosphate and sodium acetate was measured by using universal indicator paper. 2. Each solution was determined whether it is acidic, basic or neutral. 3. The main ions present in solution and acid-base equation for each solution was recorded. * PART C: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS (PHOSPHATES) 1. 1 cm3 of each of potassium chloride, manganous chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and cupric sulphate was placed into separate test tubes. 2. 1 cm3 of trisodium phosphate solution was added to each test tube and comment on the possible reasons for the formation of a precipitate. 3. A few drops of 1 M HCl were added to any precipitate formed, shake carefully and any observations were recorded. PART C: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS (CHLORIDES) 1. 1 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to 2 cm3 of saturated sodium chloride solution. 2. The precipitate was allowed to settle before the liquid was pouring off into the mixture and add water. * PART C: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS (SILVER HALIDES) 1. Place 10 drops of sodium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium iodide solut ion into three separate test-tubes. 2. 3 drops of silver nitrate solution was added to each test tube. Then, the precipitate was allowed to settle and pour off the liquid. 3. The solubility of any precipitates was tested in 4 M ammonia solution. . Steps 1 and 2 of this experiment were repeated. 5. The solubility of any precipitated was tested in concentrated ammonia solution (density 0. 880 g cm-3) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION * PART A: COMPLEX FORMATION (AMMONIA COMPLEXES) Table 1: Result of adding ammonia solution to form Ammonia Complex Reactants| Observation| Equation| Zinc nitrate and ammonia solution| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | Zn2+aq+2OH-aq-ZnOH2S| Zinc nitrate and ammonia solution (excess)| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. Clear solution is obtained with all precipitate dissolved in excess ammonia. | Zn(OH)2(S)+4HN3 Zn(NH3)4(aq)2++2OH-aq| Cuprix nitrate and ammonia solution| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * Blue precipitate was formed. | Cu2+aq+2OH-aq? Cu(OH)2(S)| Cuprix nitrate and ammonia solution (excess)| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * Clear blue solution is obtained with all precipitate dissolved in excess ammonia. | Cu(OH)2(S)+4HN3Cu(NH3)4(aq)2++2OH-aq| Lead nitrate and ammonia solution| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * White precipitate was formed with clear solution| Pb2+aq+2OH-aq? Pb(OH)2(S)| Lead nitrate and ammonia solution (excess)| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * Clear solution is obtained with all precipitate dissolved in excess ammonia. | Pb(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) ? [Pb(NH3)4](aq) + 2OH-(aq)| DISCUSSION| Zinc nitrate, cuprix nitrate and lead nitrate produce white precipitate when reacted with 4 M ammonia and dissolve in excess ammonia solution because they were partially hydrolyzed in water. The solubility of all three precipitate was enhanced by excess ammonia ions although they were insoluble in water. Ammonia acts as ligands where OH group has been replaced with NH3 to form a complex ion. Table 2: Result of adding sodium hydroxide solution to form Ammonia Complex Reactants| Observation| Equation| Zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide solution| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | Zn(NO3)2aq+2NaOHaqZn(OH)2(S)+2NaNO3aq| Zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide solution (excess)| * Turn red litmus paper into blu e. * Clear solution is obtained with all precipitate dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide. | Zn(OH)2(aq)+2OH-aqZn(OH)4(aq)2-| Cuprix nitrate and sodium hydroxide solution| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. Blue precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | CuNO32aq+2NaOHaqCu(OH)2(S)+2NaNO3aq| Cuprix nitrate and sodium hydroxide solution (excess)| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * Precipitate did not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide result in dark blue solution. | CuNO32aq+2NaOHaqCu(OH)2(S)+2NaNO3aq| Lead nitrate and sodium hydroxide solution| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. * White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | Pb(NO3)2aq+2NaOHaqPb(OH)2(S)+2NaNO3aq| Lead nitrate and sodium hydroxide solution (excess)| * Turn red litmus paper into blue. Clear solution is obtained with all precipitate dissolved in excess sodium hydroxide. | Pb(OH)2(aq)+2OH-aqPb(OH)4(aq)2-| DISCUSSION| The precipitate was formed when sodium hydroxide were reacted with all the three solution and were dissolved when the amount of sodium hydroxide was excess. This shows that the solubility was enhanced by an excess of sodium hydroxide ions as more sodium hydroxide ions can bind with each of the solutions. | * PART A: COMPLEX FORMATION (IODIDE COMPLEXES) Table 3: Results of adding Potassium Iodide (KI) to form Iodide Complex Reactants| Observation| Equation| Mercuric nitrate solution and saturated potassium iodide| * The solution turns to orange colour at the first drop. * The clear solution is obtained after 6 drops of saturated potassium iodide. | * First dropHg2+aq+2I-aq? HgI2(S) * After six dropsHgI2(s) + 2I-(aq) HgI42-(aq)| Lead nitrate solution and saturated potassium iodide| * The solution turns to bright yellow colour at the first drop. * The clear solution is obtained after 15 drops of saturated potassium iodide. * After 10 times of its volume of distilled water (80 ml) was added, the precipitate appeared again| * First dropPb2+aq+2I-aq? PbI2(S) * After fifteen dropsPbI2(S)+2I-aq? PbI42-(aq) * Adding waterPbI42-(aq) + H2O(l) ? PbI2(s) + 2I-(aq)| DISCUSSION| Mercuric nitrate solution shows lower stability constant as compared to lead nitrate solution because only six drops of saturated potassium iodide is needed to dissolve the precipitate formed (Lead nitrate need fifteen drops to dissolve the precipitate). Thus, lead nitrate have higher relative stability constant as compared to the mercuric nitrate solution. | * PART B: WEAK ACID AND BASES Table 4: Reaction, Ions and their Relationship in Weak Acid/Bases Reactants| Observation| Equation| Comment| Distilled water| * pH = 6 * Acidic solution * Main ions present:H+,OH- | * H2Ol ? H3O+aq +OH-aq| * Distilled water supposed to have neutral pH condition which is 7. * The different in the result might due to the presence of the other ions in the distilled water. | Sodium chloride| * pH = 5 * Acidic solution * Main ions present:Na+, Cl-,H+,OH-| * NaClaq ? Na+aq+ Cl-aq| * Sodium chloride supposed to have neutral pH condition because it is neutral salt. * The different in the result might due to the presence of contaminant in the solution used during experiment. Aluminium sulphate| * pH = 2 * Acidic solution * Main ions present:AlH2O62+,SO42-| * AlH2O62+(aq)+H2Oaq? AlH2O3OH(aq)+H+aq| * Due to the presence of H+ ion after dissociation, the solution is acidic and one of the strongest acid as the pH value is lower. | Ammonium chloride| * pH = 5 * Acidic solution * Main ions present:NH4+,Cl-| * NH4+(aq)+H2Ol? H3O+aq+NH3aq| * The pH value shows almost to neutral value as the present H3O+aq r esult to acid properties and NH3aq gave result to basic properties. Trisodium phosphate| * pH = 12 * Basic solution * Main ions present:Na+,PO43-| * HPO42-aq+H2Ol? H2PO4+aq+OH-aq| * Due to the presence of OH- ion after dissociation, the solution is basic and one of the strongest basic as the pH value is higher. | Sodium acetate| * pH = 9 * Basic solution * Main ions present:Na+,CH3COO-| * CH3COO-aq+H2Ol? CH3COOHaq+OH-aq| * Due to the presence of OH- ion after dissociation, the solution has basic properties solution. | * PART C: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS (PHOSPHATES) Table 5: Results of adding trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) and HCl to different solution. Reactants| Observation| Equation| Potassium chloride and trisodium phosphate solution| * White precipitate were formed | Na3PO4(aq) ? 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)3K+(aq) + PO43-(aq) ? K3PO4(aq)| Potassium chloride, trisodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid| * All precipitate was dissolved and solution is soluble in HCl. | K3PO4S+HCl(aq)? 3KCl(aq)+H3PO4aq| Manganous chloride and trisodium phosphate solution| * White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | Na3PO4(aq) ? 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)3Mn2+aq+2PO43-aq? Mn3PO42S| Manganous chloride, trisodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid| * All precipitate was dissolved and solution is soluble in HCl. | Mn3PO42S+6HCl(aq)? 3MnCl2(aq)+2H3PO4aq| Magnesium chloride and trisodium phosphate solution| * White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | Na3PO4(aq) ? 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)3Mg2+aq+2PO43-aq? Mg3PO42S| Magnesium chloride, trisodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid| * All precipitate was dissolved and solution is soluble in HCl. | Mg3PO42S+6HCl(aq)? 3MgCl2(aq)+2H3PO4aq| Calcium chloride and trisodium phosphate solution| * White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. Na3PO4(aq) ? 3Na+(aq) + PO43-(aq)3Ca2+aq+2PO43-aq? Ca3PO42S| Calcium chloride, trisodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid| * All precipitate was dissolved and solution is soluble in HCl. | Ca3PO42S+6HCl(aq)? 3CaCl2(aq)+2H3PO4aq| Cupric sulphate and trisodium phosphate solution| * Blue precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | 3Cu2+(aq) + 2PO43-(aq) ? Cu3(PO4)2(s)| Cupric sulfate, trisodium phosphate and hydrochloric acid| * All precipitate was dissolved and the solution become soluble (blue in colour)| Cu3(PO4)2(s) + 6HCl(aq) ? 3CuCl2(aq)+ 2 H3PO4(aq)| DISCUSSION| Potassium chloride, manganous chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and cupric sulphate formed precipitate when reacted with trisodium phosphate solution. All the precipitate then dissolve when hydrochloric acid was added into the mixture to produce metal phosphates and sodium chloride. | * PART C: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS (CHLORIDES) Table 6: Results of adding Concentrated HCl and H2O to saturated NaCl Solution Reactants| Observation| Equation| Potassium chloride and trisodium phosphate solution| * White precipitate were formed | Na+aq+ Cl-aq? NaClsHCl(aq) ? H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)| Potassium chloride, trisodium phosphate solution and water| * White precipitate formed was completely dissolved. | NaCl(s) + H2O(l) ? NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq)| DISCUSSION| The white precipitated was formed because the product, NaCl which is a neutral common salt was white in colour. When water was added, it elimininates the excess Cl- and H+ ions, favoured the backward reaction and thus NaCl is soluble in water. As a result white precipitate dissolved and colourless solution formed. | * PART C: PRECIPITATION REACTIONS (SILVER HALIDES) Table 7: Results of adding AgNO3 and NH3 solution to Sodium Halides Reactants| Observation| Equation| Comment| Sodium chloride and silver nitrate solution| White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++Cl-? AgCl (s)| The white precipitate is AgCl because it does not dissolve in water. | Sodium chloride, silver nitrate and ammonia solution| Precipitate dissolved completely to give a colourless solution| AgCl (s)+2NH3(aq)? AgNH32+ (aq)+Cl-(aq)| When AgCl was reacted with ammonia solution, AgNH32+was formed and it was soluble in water as the NH3 ions was able to bind with water molecules. Sodium bromide and silver nitrate solution| Creamy precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++Br-? Br| AgNH32+is soluble in water as it can bind with water molecules. | Sodium bromide, silver nitrate and ammonia solution| Precipitate was almost unchanged because it did not dissolve completely (partially) in ammonia solutio n| AgBr (s)+2NH3(aq)? AgNH32+ (aq)+Br-(aq)| This precipitate partially dissolves in 4 M ammonia solution. | Sodium iodide and silver nitrate solution| Pale yellow precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++IAgI (s)| The reaction of NaI with silver nitrate forming a precipitate of AgI| Sodium iodide, silver nitrate and ammonia solution| Precipitate did not dissolve in the mixture of ammonia solution| AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++IAgI (s)| This compound was very insoluble in water, so it will not bind with water molecules, even if reacted with ammonia solution| Table 8: Results of adding AgNO3 and concentrated NH3 solution to Sodium Halides Reactants| Observation| Equation| Comment| Sodium chloride and silver nitrate solution| White precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++Cl-? AgCl (s)| The white precipitate is AgCl because it does not dissolve in water. | Sodium chloride, silver nitrate and concentratedammonia solution| Precipitate dissolved completely to give a colourless solution| AgCl (s)+2NH3(aq)? AgNH32+ (aq)+Cl-(aq)| When AgCl was reacted with concentrated ammonia solution, AgNH32+was formed and it was soluble in water as the NH3 ions was able to bind with water molecules. | Sodium bromide and silver nitrate solution| Creamy precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++Br-? Br| AgNH32+is soluble in water as it can bind with water molecules. Sodium bromide, silver nitrate and ammonia solution| Precipitate dissolved completely to give a colourless solution| AgBr (s)+2NH3(aq)? AgNH32+ (aq)+Br-(aq)| By adding concentrated ammonia solution, the precipitate (AgBr) dissolved completely. | Sodium iodide and silver nitrate solution| Pale yellow precipitate was formed with cloudy solution. | AgN O3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++IAgI (s)| The reaction of NaI with silver nitrate forming a precipitate of AgI| Sodium iodide, silver nitrate and ammonia solution| Precipitate did not dissolve in the mixture of ammonia solution| AgNO3(aq) ? Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) Ag++IAgI (s)| Adding either diluted or concentrated NH3 solution, did not make the precipitate (AgI) became soluble because it will not dissolve. Thus, it can be said that solubility of silver halides decreases down the group. | QUESTIONS 1. The relative stability constants of iodide complex of Hg (II) is less than the iodide complex of Pb(II). This is because from the result obtained, only 6 drops of iodide were required to dissolve the precipitates formed by the mercuric nitrate, Hg (II) as compared to lead nitrate, Pb(II) that required 15 drops to dissolve the precipitate. Thus, iodide complex of Pb(II) is more stable than iodide complex of Hg(II) because more drops of iodide were required to dissolve lead nitrate, Pb(II) than mercuric nitrate, Hg(II). 2. Commonly, using a pH meter and an indicator paper during the experiment would result in different pH value obtained. This is because pH meter is more precise in giving pH values up to 2 decimal places while indicator paper only gives an approximation of pH based on colour with reference to chart. Thus, due to difficulty to differentiate the colours observed as referred to chart, indicator paper is not the best method to determine the accurate pH value of the mixture. 3. Equation of the reaction: NaCl Na+ + Cl- The precipitate formed was sodium salt crystal (NaCl). According to Le Chatelier’s principle, this change in reaction acts to counteract the increase of Cl- concentration (Silberberg, 2006). When concentrated HCl was added, concentration of chloride ion (Cl) increases. Thus, equilibrium will shift to the left. Therefore, reverse reaction was favoured result in more solid salt precipitate (NaCl) was formed. 4. In the case of silver halides, the chloride is the most soluble in ammonia and the iodide is the least while for the case of calcium halides the reverse trend is seen. This is due to the solubility of the group 2 sulphates which decreased down the trend. Thus, silver and metal halides were soluble in ammonia as they formed complex ions which were soluble. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the complex formation and precipitation reactions were able to establish thus met the aims of this experiment. Thus, it can be concluded that ammonia and hydroxide ion can act as a Lewis base since a complex ion was formed when a metal cation is covalently bonded to ligands. Other than that, weak acid and base will dissociates partially in water while strong acid and base dissociate completely in water. Finally, the formation of the precipitate (product) can be controlled by controlling the pH of the reaction. REFERENCES Heitz. , M(2005) General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach, Chapter 16: More Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions: Slightly Soluble Salts and Complex Ions, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, Inc. , State University of New York. pp. 715-718 Housecroft, C. E. amp; Constable, E. C. (2006), Introduction to spectroscopy, in Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, England. pp. 951-970 Silberberg, M. S. (2006), Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change, 4th Edition, Mc Graw Hill International Edition, New York, pp. 1013-1019.

The Point of No Return free essay sample

John Adams, one of the American Revolutions central figures, recalled in his later writings that Americans were committed to independence in their hearts long before war broke out in America in 1775. This suggests that American independence was inevitable; however, this was not the case. Just twelve year earlier in 1 763, Americans cheerfully celebrated the British victory in the Seven Years War, taking great pleasure in their identity as Britons and jealously guarding their much-celebrated rights which they believed they possessed by virtue of membership in what they saw as the worlds greatest empire.Seeing this, few would have predicted that by 1776, a revolution would be developing in British America. On the surface, the recipe for discontent seemed lacking. There was no economic crisis among the colonies; in fact, they were relatively prosperous. Yet, how did everything change in just a few short years? What occurred to make the American colonists set aside their differences, and unanimously declare their independence? Actually a lot happened between 1 763 and 1776. We will write a custom essay sample on The Point of No Return or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The events that occurred during these important years created sharp divisions among he English, among the colonists, and between the English and the Colonists. On the surface, the colonists believed they were unfairly taxed, watched over like children, and ignored when they attempted to address grievances. On the other side, the British found the colonists unwilling to pay their fair share for the administration of the Empire. After all, the English paid more in taxes than was asked of any American during the whole period of crisis. Most historians believe that the American Revolution occurred in three major phases. They refer to the first phase the Imperial Crisis. The Imperial Crisis was the intellectual and political conflict over the constitutional relationship between Britain and the thirteen American colonies. It began with Parliaments passage of the Stamp Act in 1765 imposing a stamp tax on printed documents, such as, newspapers, contracts, and licenses throughout the American colonies.Other acts that led to crisis in the first phase were the Declaratory Act, the Townsend Acts, the Boston Massacre, the Sugar Act, the Tea Act, and the Boston Tea Party. The second phase was the Revolutionary War itself, which began in 1775, when constitutional debate led o bloodshed between the Americans and British at Lexington and Concord, in Massachusetts. General Thomas Gage, the British garrison in Boston knew that the townspeople had been procuring arms, ammunition and training to be able to fight on a minutes notice. However, he believed his army was too small and decided to await reinforcements. Officers tried to convince Gage that Americans would not fight and would actually retreat before any show of force by Britain. Gage resisted the officers and continued to resist when orders came over from England to arrest American rebels, John Hancock and Sam Adams. It was believed that the two were in the vicinity of Lexington. It was only when Gage learned that the Americans had stored a vast supply of gun powder in Concord, which was only eighteen miles outside of Boston that he decided to take action.On April 18, 1 775, Gage deployed a detachment of approximately 1 ,OHO soldiers from Boston on the road to Lexington and Concord. A surprise attack was his intention, but Patriots in Boston were at watch of the British movements. During the night, William Dates and Paul Revere made that historical ride out to warn the villages and farms. When the British troops arrived the next day, they were met by several dozen minutemen and the first shots The shots heard round the world had been fired. The final phase is most often referred to as the Critical Period.This was a time when American leaders faced the new problems of preserving the liberty and independence. It was in this phase of the conflict that made the war truly revolutionary -? not only because it introduced a new kind of combat, but also because it had the effect of monopolizing and politicking large groups of the population who had previously remained aloof from the trudge. In conclusion, the American Revolution was the American peoples defense of their right not to be deprived of their property without their consent.The Stamp Act Crisis was the first of several battles in that defense. It has been argued over time that the point of no return, that specific time in history when relations between the American colonists and the British became so bad that there was no chance Of a reconciliation ever occurring, was the Stamp Act Crisis. Other historians believe it was the shots fired at Lexington or the Boston Tea Party. However, the colonists had already been defied by the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

Pepsi and Coke Competition

Porter’s five forces The degree of rivalry in the carbonated soft industry is highlighted by two major brands: Pepsi and Coke. These two companies account for 72% of market share while the rest of the market is covered by other organizations such as Dr. Pepper, Snapple Group and Cott Corporation.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pepsi and Coke Competition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some private label products also contribute a small portion to the sales in this industry. Pepsi has eroded Coke’s market share in the past through low prices and aggressive promotion efforts. In the 60s and 70s, Pepsi marketed itself as being the preferred brand, which caused a substantial reduction in Coke’s market share. Coke on the other hand has altered its product contents and prompted Pepsi to do so as well. In terms of substitution as a Porter’s-five force, Coke and Pepsi have to deal with numerous substitutes for carbonated drinks. Some of them may include bottled water, juice, tap water, powdered drinks, milk, beer, spirits, sports drinks and coffee. In the past, these substitutes were not a threat because consumers stayed loyal to Pepsi and Coke. However, the substitutes are a strong factor in the industry because of health and environmental consumers. Pepsi and Coke have responded to the threat of substitutes by producing those products themselves. The firms have ventured into juice, bottled water and coffee over the past few years.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pepsi and Coke’s main buyers are bottlers, who purchase concentrate and package it in plastic or canned containers. The bottlers do not have as much power as the concentrate makers because they cannot negotiate concentrate prices. Coke has a contract that establishes maximum prices fo r its concentrate while Pepsi determines prices on the basis of the consumer price index. It often exceeds market rates and thus has the final say. Furthermore, because Coke and Pepsi give bottlers exclusive territorial rights, then bottlers cannot diversify their portfolio by selling products from competing brands. Their buyers are restricted to their either Coke or Pepsi. One of the most significant barriers to entry in the carbonated soft industry is trademark domination. Coke and Pepsi have invested substantial amounts in development of their trademarks through intense advertising, bottler support, and product development. New companies do not have the capital or ability to match such strategies. Negotiations made between the two major carbonated soft drink makers (Pepsi and Coke) and national retailers like Wal-Mart ensure that these firms dominate shelf space. New players may find it difficult to penetrate into such airtight deals. The main suppliers in the carbonated industry are high fructose corn syrup manufacturers, food coloring industrialists, citric acid producers, caffeine makers and flavor manufacturers. The citric acid or the food coloring industry has several small players who make it difficult for them to exert influence on large buyers like Coke and Pepsi. Therefore, supplier power is relatively weak in the soft drink industry.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pepsi and Coke Competition specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Responses How Coke and Pepsi compete The two companies initially competed as friendly rivals (between 1970 and the mid 1990s). Pepsi prompted Coke to avoid complacency and continually improve its business efforts. Likewise, Coke caused Pepsi to become more innovative and thus successful. This level of friendliness was permissible because both companies enjoyed increasing profits. However, that competiveness lost its agreeableness when both firms lost m arket share among the carbonated soft drink consumers. In the 1970s, Coke altered its marketing strategies in response to the efforts made by Pepsi. It changed concentrate pricing and advertising strategies when Pepsi claimed to offer a superior cola to theirs. Pepsi on the other raised the prices of its concentrate shortly after Coke did. Therefore, these companies compete through alteration of products, supply chain and distributional management and changes in marketing. Product differentiations In terms of carbonated drinks, Coke’s main product was its cola brand, but it has several other flavors such as Sprite, Fanta, Diet Coke and Tab. Similarly, Pepsi also started with the cola version then introduced other flavors such as Diet Pepsi, Teem, and Mountain Dew. Both companies also diversified into non-carbonated drinks such as Minute Maid, Belmont Water and Duncan Foods for Coke and Lipton and Gatorade for Pepsi. Both firms have also introduced a number of diet products su ch as Diet Coke and Diet Pepsi. In the past decade, Pepsi and Coke have entered into the bottled water market. Regardless of large investments in various soft drink and non carbonated industries, the most successful products are still the initial ones. Pepsi Cola and Coca Cola are still the most profitable products for both organizations.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The move into unconventional drinks was driven by changes in market trends as well as pressure from the US government. Channels used by Pepsi and Coke Both companies have a distribution channel that consists of bottlers and retail channels. However, the organization of these channels differs substantially in both companies. Pepsi has a preference for retail outlets while Coke has sold its products through fountain sales (dominates 69% of this market). Nonetheless, both firms have competed for fountain sales by acquiring restaurant franchises. Coke worked hand in hand with McDonalds and Burger King while Pepsi purchased KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. Both organizations purchased fountain equipment for these restaurants, as well. Pepsi and Coke also utilize the vending channel for distribution and have both done relatively well here. Bottlers are also a crucial part of the distribution channel for both companies. At Pepsi, deals with bottlers are more flexible, especially in terms of p ricing. Coke tends to exert greater control over prices by charging flat prices for concentrate. These organizations have retained control over their bottling networks through consolidation. Coke started by created a bottling subsidiary in 1986 that would purchase ailing bottling franchises and revive them. Currently about three quarter of Coke’s bottling is handling by this subsidiary. Similarly, Pepsi also started bottling consolidation by purchasing most of its bottlers like MEI Bottling and General Cinema. Now, 56% of Pepsi’s bottling is done internally. Why the soft drink industry has been so profitable and whether it is changing Profitability stemmed from a number of factors. First, the distributional arrangements were made in a way that favored concentrate makers. They had control over concentrate pricing, location of bottlers as well as advertising and promotion. Pepsi and Coke were also successful because at the time, carbonated drinks were a favorite for most North Americans. Few of them had objections with the product content and there were minimal alternatives in the market. Profitability has reduced dramatically in the soft drink industry. This stems from health concerns. Numerous consumers feel that high fructose corn syrup is detrimental to their health. Government programs are designed to punish soft drink makers through excessive taxation. These charges stem from initiatives aimed at fighting obesity. Furthermore, traditional institutions, such as high schools, that sold most of Coke and Pepsi’s vending machines have banned them. Now the organizations have minimum distributional avenues for their products. Both firms have also ventured into non carbonated drinks such as bottled water and juices. These new ventures do not elicit as much brand loyalty as carbonated drinks. Therefore, the companies dedicated a substantial share of their resources to these new products, yet they did not enjoy anticipated returns. Non profitabi lity of products other than soft drinks affects the success of soft drinks because little capital is left to invest in them. Non profitability has also emerged from the poor management of international business. Some countries impose excessive foreign exchange controls, unfavorable trade regulations and advertizing restrictions. How Coke and Pepsi can stay profitable The major cause of concern among both organizations is the health campaign against soft drinks. Pepsi and Coke ought to identify the sources of high sugar content in its products and then work on developing alternatives. However, the companies should still maintain the taste that made those products so likeable initially. Pepsi is already doing this through its Pepsi Throwback brand and Mountain Dew Throwback brand. Now the company ought to go back to the public and inform them about the changes it has made to these products. Coke has also initiated its own changes through the use of a stevia-based additive. Aggressive marketing campaigns should be done to win back traditional clients such as school institutions. Both organizations have already realized that non-carbs have a lot of growth potential. This can be seen by their acquisition of energy drink companies as well as vitamin water firms. The two organizations now need to build their brands around these sectors by following the same strategies that they employed to make their carbonated drinks so popular. Consumers need to recognize the zero-carbs products in the same way that they recognized the other ones in the past. Although diversifying into other products is a plausible idea, these organizations should not focus on bottled water. There is minimal room for differentiation in the bottled-water industry as the product is quite basic. In fact, low differentiation explains why consumer loyalty for Coke and Pepsi’s water declined sharply over the past few years. Consumers tend to buy the least expensive brand if a product is not highly differentiated. Pepsi and Coke should also deal with some of the environmental concerns that customers have about their products. They need to place their products in biodegradable packages. Product development experts should also anticipate consumer complaints through market research and respond to demand before the external environment forces them to do so. The two companies need to refine their international expansion strategies. These organizations need to rethink their bottling strategies in global markets. Most North American bottling is directly handled by the company’s bottling subsidiary, and this has given the company reasonable control over its product. The same model should be replicated in different international markets. This would mean that the company will not lose any of its profits to third parties who keep demanding for new things. The company should start with developed nations and then transfer consolidation to developing ones. This case study on Pepsi and Coke Competition was written and submitted by user Lesly Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Personality Disorder

People with schizotypal personality disorder are often described as odd or eccentric. About 3% of the population has schizotypal personality disorder and it may be more common in men. Like all personality disorders, it is typically developed by early adulthood. Individuals with this disorder may be at risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other distressing moods. As many as 40 to 50% also suffer from a depressive disorder, which occasionally may cause the person to develop suicidal tendencies. Only a small number of people with this disorder ever develop full-fledged schizophrenia. The major features of schizotypal personality disorder are: Extreme discomfort in social relationships People with schizotypal personality disorders are extremely uncomfortable in close relationships, even with people who are familiar. They have no interest in forming friendships or sexual relationships. Their discomfort may be shown by the person acting cold and aloof when interacting with others. Few close relationships Individuals with this disorder form few, if any, close relationships. Odd appearance and thinking Their appearance and behavior is often characterized as odd or strange. A person with this disorder might complain of odd symptoms, such as pain in the blood or bones. Many believe they are clairvoyant, telepathic, or have a sixth sense. Suspicious or paranoid ideas People with schizotypal personality disorder are very suspicious and may believe that others are talking about them. They may perceive references to themselves in others' conversations. Treatment People with schizotypal personality disorder rarely seek treatment for the symptoms listed above. They are more likely to seek treatment for a depressive disorder, if they have one. The therapist often re-evaluates situations and challenges the person's paranoia and suspicion. People with this disorder may benefit from a cognitive-behavioral approach ca... Free Essays on Personality Disorder Free Essays on Personality Disorder People with schizotypal personality disorder are often described as odd or eccentric. About 3% of the population has schizotypal personality disorder and it may be more common in men. Like all personality disorders, it is typically developed by early adulthood. Individuals with this disorder may be at risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other distressing moods. As many as 40 to 50% also suffer from a depressive disorder, which occasionally may cause the person to develop suicidal tendencies. Only a small number of people with this disorder ever develop full-fledged schizophrenia. The major features of schizotypal personality disorder are: Extreme discomfort in social relationships People with schizotypal personality disorders are extremely uncomfortable in close relationships, even with people who are familiar. They have no interest in forming friendships or sexual relationships. Their discomfort may be shown by the person acting cold and aloof when interacting with others. Few close relationships Individuals with this disorder form few, if any, close relationships. Odd appearance and thinking Their appearance and behavior is often characterized as odd or strange. A person with this disorder might complain of odd symptoms, such as pain in the blood or bones. Many believe they are clairvoyant, telepathic, or have a sixth sense. Suspicious or paranoid ideas People with schizotypal personality disorder are very suspicious and may believe that others are talking about them. They may perceive references to themselves in others' conversations. Treatment People with schizotypal personality disorder rarely seek treatment for the symptoms listed above. They are more likely to seek treatment for a depressive disorder, if they have one. The therapist often re-evaluates situations and challenges the person's paranoia and suspicion. People with this disorder may benefit from a cognitive-behavioral approach ca...

Fff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fff - Essay Example This tool will: I. Evaluate production achieved and the expectations, II. Enhance communication that will allow exchange of ideas between the employee and the supervisor on matters concerning job performance, III. Assist in highlighting areas that employees will require training and development needs as well as plan for growth in their career, IV. Assist in identifying skills to enhance promotion, V. Act as pillars for organization and employee goals and VI. Offer legal protection against false lawsuits against termination. Through performance evaluation, several benefits will be accrued. These include: I. The work done will be easily controlled and II. The employees will always feel motivated and as a result, production will increase, To achieve these benefits, performance reviews must be conducted annually and rely on individual job-related issues. A guideline must be provided that is used in the review of individual based performance and a review of the past performance. Team base d performance must be annually reviewed. The review must rely on the performance of the team in relation to the functions of the employees. The program is to enhance of quality of products. Question 1.4B: Based on your team’s experience, what data from the exploration phase would be of greatest help in developing the field? Subsurface information is used in the search for reservoirs and petroleum and gas traps through a process known as prospecting. This process is carried out on paper or with the assistance of computers. This involves the use of art and science. The success of a prospector lies in the use of a three dimensional space. This helps in developing a model that reveals lateral and vertical dimensions of the reservoir targeted. There are several sources from which a geologist can gather information from. These include: I. Study of the rocks on the surface of the earth, II. Information gathered from holes drilled in the prospect area after a careful study, and III. Through seismic reflection. The data collected are recorded, interpreted by geologists who develop cross sectional drawings of rocks that contain oil and gas. The cross sectional drawings reveal the changes in depth of the reservoirs. Structure maps developed by geologists assist in showing the folds or faults in the layers of the earth. Reservoir composition data collected assists in developing the size of the facility, and the design process. Question 1.4C: Based on your team’s experience, or â€Å"brainstorming† session, what unforeseen problem would most hinder developing the field? The best location of the surface of the well is determined by the geologist. The land is leased and a permit of drilling the well obtained. For a permit to be granted by the Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Oil and Gas Management, proper environmental planning is necessary. The exact position of the well may be shifted to protect key natural resources like streams, wetl ands and endangered species. Other producing wells may also be a barrier in locating position of the wells. When the wells are closely dug, production from the existing wells may decrease. Erosion and sedimentation are likely to occur because of heavy earthworks during construction of access road and well site (Flaherty and Flaherty, p.11). Question 1.4D: Well performance evaluation and enhancement are the primary charges of the production engineer. With the

Criminology Theory Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminology Theory Assessment - Essay Example Before embarking upon the topic under analysis, it would be quite advisable to discuss the criminal activities observed by Bernard Madoff. Madoff belongs to a Jewish family of the USA, who laid the foundation of a penny stock under the title Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC in 1960 and got it registered at Wall Street as a small trading firm. The firm made huge business during the course of time, and hundreds of businessmen invested their money from its platform at stock exchange. The main reason behind its popularity was its secret attractive profit offers, as the company offered extra percentage in profit than its competitors. From the 1970s right on through to 2008, Bernie Madoff was certainly responsible for making some of his clients’ money.   However, as will become apparent later on in this discussion, that money was not made honestly. (madoffscandal.com) Consequently, he earned respectable name and fame as a young energetic Wall Street businessman within f ew years of his entry into the stock market. By the early 1980s his firm was one of the largest independent trading operations in the securities industry. (NYT, 2009) Being a very social person by nature, Madoff entered into business contracts with the big investors during his visits at clubs, restaurants and ceremonies with the promise of extra profit generated for them by his company. Initially, he tapped local money pulled in from country clubs and charity dinners, where investors sought him out to casually plead with him to manage their savings so they could start reaping the steady, solid returns their envied friends were getting. (Henriques, 2008) The investors appeared to be satisfied with the lucrative and steady profit transactions made by Madoff Securities, and did not express even slightest signs of doubts regarding fraud or misrepresentation at the company’s end. Hence, the number of investors observed significant increase at the company. However, the nature and m ethodology, adopted by the company, regarding offering profit to the investors appeared to be dubious and shocking for the competitor firms, which were already suspicious about the secret activities of the Madoff Securities. Consequently, it was discovered that Madoff had adopted the largest Ponzi scheme by exercising dishonesty with the investments made by the clients of his company. Madoff confessed of committing fraud with estimated investor losses of about $50 billion by inflicting the Ponzi scheme upon them. A Ponzi scheme is a swindle offering unusually high returns, with early investors paid off with money from later investors. (Honan & Wilchins, 2008) The court announced 150 years imprisonment sentence to Madoff for his crime. Though Madoff pleaded guilty of committing dishonesty and fraud with his investors, he also blames banks and financial institutions for their criminal negligence of performing blindness to his activities. Since these financial institutions were well aw are of all the transactions being made, they could have brought it to the limelight in order to stop Madoff from sticking to the same Ponzi scheme. Here appears the Social Control Theory: Articulated by Travis Hirschi in 1969, social control theory states that social control depends upon people anticipating the consequences of their behavior. (Macionis, 2007: 231) In other words, crime rate can witness imperative decreases in the society provided the criminals foresee the outcome of their

The immigrants by Margaret Atwood and Borders by Thomas King Essay

The immigrants by Margaret Atwood and Borders by Thomas King - Essay Example When asked of her citizenship, she always declares that she is a â€Å"Barefoot.† It takes her and her son days to pass through the borders going to Salt Lake City because of her unwillingness to identify herself as a Canadian. She also brings a lot of food to avoid buying from convenience stores and dresses up in their old ways because she did not want â€Å"crossing the border looking like Americans† (King 133). The narrator observes his mother’s resistance of acculturation and allows her to do what she likes. He can guess what she is about to tell the immigration personnel but never contradicts her even though her manners would cause a big delay. The mother’s attitude is opposed to her daughter’s. Laetitia, shows clear signs of acculturation. The latter is more lenient and ready for assimilation because she claims that her â€Å"Dad’s American† (King 131). She likes living in Salt Lake City on her own, and boasts about the city’s improvements with her mother. Despite her defiance of acculturation, the mother is not totally against other cultures. The fact that she marries an American illustrates her openness to assimilation. Likewise, she pays a visit to her daughter to see Salt Lake City and buys Mel from duty free a souvenir hat as a sign of friendship. Nevertheless, while the persona expresses resistance to assimilating the immigrants’ culture or behavior, she admits the fact that she herself is an immigrant, saying, â€Å"I wish I could forget them/and so forget myself† (Atwood 31). This means that while she loathes the immigrants, she recognizes her complete assimilation and acculturation to an identity that other American immigrants have established. By forgetting the immigrants she observes, she could then forget herself. This implies that the narrator despises the thought of being an immigrant as it reminds her of her own lack of identity. The persona attempts to show contrast between her and the immigrants as she

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis McDonalds Corporation since its start in 1955 has remained consistently as well known brand name worldwide. In order to achieve this status the company has used marketing strategies that have covered every aspect of the business and social world. From advertising and competitors to public relations and charity, McDonalds has a goal and for what they want to achieve and has found ways of achieving those goals. Throughout this paper you will find descriptions of how McDonalds used the four Ps of marketing in order to create a successful and well known worldwide company. The four Ps of marketing include price, product, promotion and place. Marketing strategies are created through a process of conducting research, which provides the information for deciding the correct product/service, appropriate pricing structures, and the effective placement and promotion for establishing the proper position in the marketplace for achieving optimal return on investment. (investopedia.com) The marketing strategies that have been created through this research by McDonalds Corporation have served them well ever since they opened their doors in 1955. The founder of McDonalds Corporation, Ray Kroc, started the company with the mindset of expanding his business by using franchising. Since 1955, McDonalds has become one of the most valuable brand names in the world. (Rowley, 2004) Expanding the corporation globally is the marketing strategy that has allowed McDonalds to become one of the worlds largest fast food retailers. In 1958, owner Ray Kroc made a statement, The basis for our entire business is that we are ethical, truthful and dependable. (McDonalds.com, 2010) The McDonalds mission statement lists the four Ps of marketing as the basics of providing an exceptional customer experience. The first of the four Ps is price. McDonalds overall pricing objective is to increase market share. (Vignali, 2004) With the original research that was done to create a successful marketing strategy, McDonalds Corporation researched the demand, competitors position in the market and the cost of creating the product and created a price that will create a customer demand. When the recession hit, a vast majority of businesses began to lose customers and in return income. McDonalds was one of the few that cashed in on the recession by creating a value menu. The value menu, which features select items sold for one dollar each, has helped McDonalds bring in customers consistently and this steady income has helped increased market share. The second of the four Ps is product. When McDonalds first opened in 1955, they were the first business to provide burgers, fries and milk shakes in a convenient family dining atmosphere. The competitors in the area provided no competition and McDonalds sold its one hundred millionth hamburger in 1958. As time went on and technology advanced, the market became more competitive and a healthy lifestyle trend began to unfold in society. But even with all this change, McDonalds kept to their philosophy, providing quality food and a quality service in a fast and easy environment and with this philosophy they maintained their place in the market. Two years after their tenth anniversary in 1965, McDonalds began opening operations in Puerto Rico and Canada and currently they now have operations in one hundred and eighteen countries, including China, Japan, UK and Australia. (Mcdonalds.com, 2010) Each country has their own unique menu items, but a few of the classics are on every menu worldwi de. These include the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, French Fries and Happy Meal. When Starbucks began offering coffee and a breakfast sandwich combo, it provided competition to McDonalds already well known and loved breakfast menu. McDonalds response to this competition was to create a new line of products called the McCafe. The McCafe was a premium coffee beverage that came hot, cold or blended and in a variety of flavors at a reasonable price. The third of the four Ps is promotion. There are four ways to promote a product in the world of marketing; advertising, direct marketing, sales promotions and public relations. Advertising is used worldwide and usually involves the use of a celebrity praising the quality, value and affordability of the product. McDonalds advertising is different in each of the one hundred and eighteen countries they have locations in. To date, McDonalds has used twenty three different slogans in US advertising and a few other slogans in other countries worldwide. Television, radio and newspaper are not the only ways in which McDonalds advertises their product. They have begun to use billboards and sponsoring sporting events such as the Olympics. But even with all these extra advertising connections, television has been the key advertising strategy for McDonalds. Direct marketing is most commonly achieved by the use of websites. McDonalds website provides detailed information about menu items, company policies and the company story. The information that is provided to the viewer allows them to get a better understanding at how McDonalds became what it is today. Sales promotions are an important key in any marketing strategy. The most common sales promotion that McDonalds run is their Happy Meal. The food content has remained the same over the years, but the toy changes all the time. The toy that comes in the Happy Meal usually corresponds to a movie or event that popular at that time. The current Happy Meal includes toys that are themed to DreamWorks Megamind movie. Public relations are a very important aspect to McDonalds. Their website alone provides information for a variety of people. There is an entire section on the website dedicated to students who need information for writing term papers. The website even provides a place for customers to provide feedback for the company. McDonalds feeds of this feedback and uses it to help maintain their quality service. In Beijing, McD onalds hires individuals to be public relation agents in the community and provide information and receive feedback to be given back to corporate headquarters. Beyond their website, McDonalds is well known for their contribution to the community. The Ronald McDonald House was created in many communities to help children and their families with special needs. A study conducted by a program called A Cause that Counts in 2009 states, Research shows that 92% of Americans have a more positive image of companies that support a cause. And, 87% of Americans are likely to switch brands, when price and quality are equal, to support a cause. These trends are consistent around the globe. In 1977, McDonalds sponsored a High School basketball team and gave them the opportunity to play an exhibition game against the Washington Nationals. McDonalds has also been a proud sponsor of the Olympics for many years, donating money to help maintain the quality of the event. The final P of the four Ps is place. Place mainly consists of the companys distribution channel. This marketing strategy is important, so that the company can make sure that their product is available at the right place, at the right time and with the right quantity. Nearly 50% of Americans are within three miles of a McDonalds drive thru and good majority of those are located either near large housing developments or schools. Each McDonalds provides their own unique experience for the both the children and the adults. Every McDonalds includes a childrens play area, which usually includes a slide and various other playground equipment for the children to play on. For the adults, McDonalds has started to offer an internet facility at select locations. These allow the adults to access the internet on their laptops while their children are playing in the kid zone. Using these marketing strategies and maintaining the goal of providing quality service and food in an inviting environment at a fast and easy pace, will allow McDonalds to remain on top of the market of fast food retailers. Their environments and prices will continue to have people saying, Im Loving It.

Harvard Admissions Essay: Lessons Learned :: College Admissions Essays

Lessons Learned Are Lessons Lived A few years ago, while helping my grandfather plant pecan trees in Tennessee, I realized something a bit disturbing. My grandfather never would live long enough to see those trees mature and produce pecans. Yet, there he was, toiling away with no possibility of personal benefit. When I asked him why he would plant trees knowing he would never enjoy the harvest, he just smiled and shook his head. Then he said, "Son, of all the pecans I've eaten in my life, someone else had planted the tree. They thought enough of me to plant trees, so I could have pecans. I'm just thinking of the next generation." In that moment, I realized that all people are takers, but only a few people become givers. Being a taker comes naturally. From the moment a baby is born, it takes. It wants food and warmth and comfort. If no one fulfills the baby's desire, it screams until it gets whatever it wants. Becoming a giver in life takes time and instruction. We must be taught to share. We must learn to give. Unfortunately, most people never learn to really give. They give, but they expect something in return. They are still selfish. A selfish child becomes a selfish teenager who becomes a selfish adult. If a person has never developed a lifestyle of giving by their teen years, I doubt they ever will. A college degree or a high-paying job can change their income but not their heart. Through my teen years, I volunteered at least two days a week at The Master's Outreach in my hometown. The Master's Outreach is a non-profit organization, which helps feed and clothe the needy. We even went to Central America once to take clothes, food, medicine, and other supplies. On other occasions, we sent supplies to help hurricane victims. Each one of these projects required a lot of time and effort by a few people willing to give. By now, volunteer work has become part of my life. I intend to continue giving during my college career at Jones Community College and then, Mississippi State University where I will pursue a degree in architecture. With a college degree, I will have even more opportunities to serve my community. As an architect, I would like to become involved with Habitat for Humanity because they have such a good reputation and will be able to use my particular skills.

Game shows Essay

Game shows were dwindling down and were a thing of the past, but recently they have been making a sharp comeback. Television entertainment is now being focused on game shows such as â€Å"Twenty-One,† â€Å"Greed,† and â€Å"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. † I for one am obsessed with these new shows on television. They bring the fun back into television and makes people want to win. In the pages following, many facts, reactions from the public and comparison’s to other game shows will be discussed as they relate to the recent popularity of the game shows. As a result of the increase in game shows, there is a greater quality that is brought back into television for the audience. New values and creativity have been sparked by the demand for these game shows. Regis Philbin, host of â€Å"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire,† has started this game show craze off with a bang. The first five airings of his show averaged nearly 29 million viewers (Bauder, â€Å"ABC’s Game Show†). In January, â€Å"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire† averaged an extra 5 million viewers than it did in November (Bauder, â€Å"ABC’s Game Show†). In fact, this craze sure doesn’t show any signs of slowing down. Host Regis Philbin knows how well it is doing because he is looking at getting a raise, at least two times the amount he is making now. Philbin is currently accepting a $100,000 paycheck for each episode of â€Å"Millionaire† that airs, which is currently three times a week. He wants to double his income so he will shortly be looking at around $20 million a season. His income is already up in the same range as movie stars Tom Cruise, Mel Gibson, and Jim Carrey (Sikles). Host Philbin is able to make such a big salary because the game shows do not cost much to produce. They are much cheaper to produce than sitcoms and dramas (Consoli). Since these shows have become so popular, television stations would be crazy not to produce them. â€Å"Millionaire† was the first game show that led to all of the major networks creating their own version of an interactive game show. As a result, some stations are getting better ratings off of these popular game shows than they do from their regular weekly dramas. The game shows have gotten positive feedback by bringing families closer together. Families have said they now feel as if there is a common ground between them and their teenagers. Bauder goes on to explain, â€Å"Experts say it has revived the concept of families watching TV together after a decade’s worth of forces pulling them apart† (Bauder, â€Å"Millionaire†). Parents have stated that instead of everyone going to their own separate rooms to watch television shows made for their age range, everyone gets to play along with shows such as â€Å"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. With the questions ranging from easy to difficult it gives everyone a chance to play along at their own intelligence level. Four-year old Walker was especially delighted when he correctly completed the name of the children’s game â€Å"Duck-Duck Goose† (Bauder, â€Å"Millionaire†). Although many people say they have watched more television than normal since these shows have started, it is said not to be a bad thing. â€Å"It’s fun to be able to actually enjoy something together† (McKinney qtd. in Bauder, â€Å"Millionaire†). Another reason parents like watching â€Å"Millionaire† with their sons and daughters is because it stimulates conversation. By watching these shows they have something to talk about with their kids; in some cases they feel this is an easier way to bring up some â€Å"harder to talk about† topics (Bauder, â€Å"Millionaire†). With this big break in bringing families together, NBC’s top entertainment executives have said that establishing new family shows are their top development priority. The public has reacted toward these shows tremendously because they contain questions in which the average person knows the answer to. My whole apartment got so excited the first time we watched someone get the million dollars, I can’t imagine how the winner felt. The game shows are exciting and are interactive for everyone. There is a sense of addiction to these game shows because of the drama and suspense, which is why they are so successful. Great Britain who originated â€Å"Millionaire† was upset with the United States’ version of the game show because the questions on America’s version were not very difficult. Great Britain creators thought the questions in the newer version should raise in difficulty. Britain’s creators were unhappy and were thinking about filing a lawsuit. Another show that is being imported from Sweden is getting ready to air in the United States this summer. This show will be on CBS and is called â€Å"Survivor. † It will take 16 contestants and drop them off on a deserted Malaysian Island with camera crews following them. Every three days the players will vote to expel one of the members of their group until there are only two contestants left. Then all the players except for the two left on the island will be able to choose which contestant they want to walk away with the $1 million dollar prize. The contestant with the majority votes wins. Internationally, game shows are also in demand and in popularity. In comparison with the game shows from Great Britain, United States’ has it easy. The shows in which viewers are drawn from Great Britain are much harsher. Their quiz questions are much tougher and their contestants have to be more daring in some cases. In one game show in Great Britain, people go on the show to face their biggest fears. They work as a team and each member has to do something that frightens them. For example, one contestant was scared of spiders and she had to get a clue for her team off of the back of a tarantula. In this case she never ended up getting it because it terrified her too much. Her teammates were hurt overall. Another example of a game show from Great Britain involves contestants getting hooked up to a bungee cord and then they jump from a high bridge. While in the air, they have to throw a ball into a Santa’s hat in the water. If the contestant successfully gets the ball in the Santa’s hat then that person wins. It is apparently a tough thing to do because not many people end up winning. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire† is definitely breeding new shows in the United States. â€Å"Millionaire† is creating theme shows, by having football focused questions around the time of the Superbowl and movie-themed questions around the time of the Academy Awards. This has proved to be highly successful and more exciting and fun for the viewers (Bauder, â€Å"ABC Takes Lead). The success of â€Å"Millionaire† has led to other stations providing the same type of entertainment to their viewers. â€Å"Greed† has become a big game show since it aired shortly after â€Å"Millionaire† got high ratings. This show has a $2 million jackpot and gives its contestants the opportunity to challenge their other teammates if chosen by the terminator. Although one wrong answer from any team member is all it takes to lose the $2 million for the team makes this show more difficult to win the jackpot. The television game show â€Å"Twenty-One† has also been revived from the 1950’s. Being taken off the air years ago due to some scandals, NBC has brought it back and it has regained itself in the television market (Gray). Other game shows in the works of coming back on the air is â€Å"The $64,000 Question† and possibly â€Å"What’s My Line† by CBS (Gray). I believe these shows might be able to make it for awhile as long as the TV station can dish out what the audience demands of them. Once the viewers have had enough of the craze, then these game shows will most likely go off the air for another fifty years or so until they get revived again by another curious generation who wants to win big. Next time, the stakes will most likely be higher than $1 million and they will raise the curiosity and greed of the fresh viewing audience. Personally, I would like to see many more game shows on the air because they are very exciting and fun to watch.

Identity in Huckleberry Finn Essay Example

Identity in Huckleberry Finn Essay Example Identity in Huckleberry Finn Paper Identity in Huckleberry Finn Paper Essay Topic: The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn The adventures Of Tom Sawyer Who is Huckleberry Finn Husks creation of aliases and lies about his personality, his failure to establish a life in one place, and constant internal debate are hindrances in his ability to form his self image. These rejections of society overshadow Husks progress towards developing his own sense of self, as by the end of the novel he fails to fully establish his own individuality. Huckleberry Finn struggles to find his identity because he spends much of his time assuming Identities of others and does not allow for time to develop himself. He Is Huckleberry Finn, dead, alive, Sarah Williams, George Peters, George Saxon, from England, not from England, and Tom Sawyer; he becomes a boy of multiple personalities and spends the majority of the novel assuming one of these Identities. While some of these foils are necessary in situations where it is imperative for Houck to conceal his identity, Houck also lies unnecessarily and it is this pointless lying that shows his discomfort with who his true identity. While on his adventures with the king and the duke, Houck is in territory where it is not necessary to conceal his identity s Huckleberry Finn, but instead he chooses to create an alias. He assumes the roles of people who he is not because he does not know who he is or who he wants to be. Husks failure to tell the truth, also seen as compulsive lying, is a clear indicator that he struggles to understand who he is as a person. The complexity of the layers of his lies Is evident when Mrs.. Judith Lofts says goodbye to Houck: Now trot along to your uncle, Sarah Mary Williams George Alexander Peters (Twain 96). Houck Is more comfortable and confident assuming other persons than when he Is himself; when feet alone to be Houck, he is consumed with contradictions and confusion. Husks unstable home and failure to establish his life in one place adds to the difficulty of finding an identity. Husks life is characterized by life on the move; right from the start of the novel, he does not seem comfortable with settling in a permanent residence. His initial move from the widow Douglas and Miss Watson is to escape the civilized societal identity that the women are trying to force onto him; Houck avoids even this sense of identity that he does not have to create on his own, UT that is given to him by society. Houck moves from living with the widow and Miss Watson, to his father, the Island with Jim, the raft, the Aggressors, traveling with the king and duke, living with the Wills family, and finally the Phelps farm. This poor lost lamb mentality acknowledged by Widow Douglas correctly encompasses the frame of mind with which Houck constantly changes location (Twain 2). When Houck reaches a place where he can settle down, he chooses to keep moving and does not know want to ah Walt n enamels as nee says, All I wanted was to go somewhere; all I wanted as a change (Twain 3). Husks struggle to establish an identity is also evident in his constant debate within his conscience about what is right and wrong. The primary element prohibiting Houck from finding his own identity is his guilt and development of a conscience. Houck initially does not have his own conscience, but depends on the opinion of others to decipher what is right and wrong. He relies on what the widow, Pap, or Tom Sawyer would do. Following the shipwreck scene, Houck tells Jim about the excitement that happened while he was on the wreck stating, these kinds of things as adventures as Tom would have thought, but in reality what he did was dangerous, and he risked both his life and Jims life (Twain 119). The presence of different opinions in his head causes Houck to be confused and to form corrupt opinions that become molded into his identity. The center of conflict for Houck is dealing with societys ideas about racism and having to simultaneously combat them with ideas of his own. Houck struggles to decide whether he will continue to allow others to dictate his life or establish his own individuality and decide that slavery is Ron. It is this internal debate that follows Houck throughout the entirety of the novel and leads him to develop a moral code of his own. Houck overcomes his lying, refusal to settle down, and inability to make definite decisions by becoming clearer in his own opinions. Although he does not fully develop his own identity by the end of the novel, Houck does become more definite and less conflicted. He begins to develop his own definition of the civilized life that he wants to lead which is different from the morally wrong society in which he was raised. His development of faith, his friendship with Jim, and his own decision to reject slavery help to shape this new decisiveness. His conscience, Houck decides, is more of a presence of society, and he rejects this conscience deciding it anti no good, now (Twain 357). Houck has established what he does not want to be a part of his identity, but he still lacks the ability to decide what he does want to be a part of his identity. Although he has made progress, the lack of resolve in his life demonstrates the significant impact of these hindrances on Husks development as an individual.

Free Essays on The Baldwin Act

After tracing the evolution of the provincial-local financial relationship in Canada it has become apparent that the trend, throughout history, has been towards greater Provincial control and in turn less fiscal autonomy for the municipality. There has been an increase (due to demand as well as downloading from the provinces) in the functions and responsibilities of the municipality, as well as the cost of these functions, and a decrease in fiscal resources and revenue sources. Yet, It has only been in very recent years that we have seen a trend moving in the direction of Municipal fiscal autonomy. The trend towards Municipal fiscal autonomy is possibly more prevalent today then it has ever been. The proposal of such things as Glen Murray’s New Deal for Winnipeg, and Paul Martin’s proposed change in federal-provincial-municipal relations (of the same name), provides optimism for local fiscal autonomy in the future. The Baldwin Act was the beginning of Provincial Regulation over the Municipality. It was based on several principles including the decree that â€Å"Municipal Councils were the creatures of the provincial legislature and were subject to its sovereign authority.† The second principle of the Baldwin Act stated that a municipality’s power should vary with its size and character (i.e. whether it was rural or urban), and the third principle stated that members of council should be elected from only those people who held stakes in local property. â€Å"The powers of the municipal councils were strictly defined by the provincial legislature and strictly interpreted by the courts.† The Baldwin Act was only the beginning of what would be decades of development that would hinder the autonomy and independence of local government. The Baldwin Act began the landslide of provincial downloading, conditional grants and a provincial-local relationship that seems more like a parent child relationship then a relationship ... Free Essays on The Baldwin Act Free Essays on The Baldwin Act After tracing the evolution of the provincial-local financial relationship in Canada it has become apparent that the trend, throughout history, has been towards greater Provincial control and in turn less fiscal autonomy for the municipality. There has been an increase (due to demand as well as downloading from the provinces) in the functions and responsibilities of the municipality, as well as the cost of these functions, and a decrease in fiscal resources and revenue sources. Yet, It has only been in very recent years that we have seen a trend moving in the direction of Municipal fiscal autonomy. The trend towards Municipal fiscal autonomy is possibly more prevalent today then it has ever been. The proposal of such things as Glen Murray’s New Deal for Winnipeg, and Paul Martin’s proposed change in federal-provincial-municipal relations (of the same name), provides optimism for local fiscal autonomy in the future. The Baldwin Act was the beginning of Provincial Regulation over the Municipality. It was based on several principles including the decree that â€Å"Municipal Councils were the creatures of the provincial legislature and were subject to its sovereign authority.† The second principle of the Baldwin Act stated that a municipality’s power should vary with its size and character (i.e. whether it was rural or urban), and the third principle stated that members of council should be elected from only those people who held stakes in local property. â€Å"The powers of the municipal councils were strictly defined by the provincial legislature and strictly interpreted by the courts.† The Baldwin Act was only the beginning of what would be decades of development that would hinder the autonomy and independence of local government. The Baldwin Act began the landslide of provincial downloading, conditional grants and a provincial-local relationship that seems more like a parent child relationship then a relationship ...

Writing precis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing precis - Essay Example 11). The incident changed the definition of National Security. For the generation that did not experience war, â€Å"National Security† meant protection and absence from nuclear attack. The primary motivation of the terrorist attack was to conceal a secret hidden in the offices that were designated targets. The offices were not aware of the secret they held but once exposed, vast truth would surface out eventually. The origins and impact of the secret were kept by the National Security. Proper understanding of the reason behind the gruesome incident on September 11th is better than just describing exactly what happened that day. At first the pattern of the incident last September 11th was not obvious other than the total destruction and casualties of the collapsed World Trade Center, a destroyed segment of the Pentagon, four sacrificial commercial airplanes with the loss of 2,993 lives. There should have been a hidden motive other than the perceived objective of the attack is chan ged from its usual ‘symbolic’ designation as ‘a terrorist attack’ and a person begins by looking at it as purely a crime with specific objectives instead of checking the logic of the patterned of destruction (Heider 2008, p. 1). Central Intelligence Agency conducted studies about the Pentagon and other hijacking accidents in the U.S.A. they checked for possible reasons how the highjackers were able to carry out their â€Å"mission†. They analyzed deeply to find out whether there were negligence in the offices and works of the Defense of the U.S.A. they also found out how other small groups and other terrorists worked together to lay-out their â€Å"perfect plan† (CIA 2005). The incident destroyed the World Trade Center which was a symbol of American pride and influence. The terrorists were able to demonstrate how a powerful nation can be caught unguarded by a group of infamous determined men. The incident was brought by the Muslim extremists.

Alienation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alienation - Essay Example Alienation appears in different planes for different societies. Race, Gender, abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, nationalities, creed, and ethnicity etc are few of the themes of alienation. Alienation causes pain, frustration, disappointment, rebellions, fights and several other problems. The society’s strange demand of conformity has destroyed the life of thousands of individuals. Alienation is one of the weakest natures of human society. Alienation has destroyed the life of immigrants in America. Alienation closes the door of opportunity for people of color in different parts of the world. Few are not the negative consequences of alienation. It is high time that alienation be rooted out from all societies. Alienation has been the leading theme of several literary works. Pat Mora’s ‘immigrants’ tells the story of a helpless family seeking acceptance in the new land where they reached. Parents are trying to feed their child with the notion of materia lism. They desperately want to teach cultural American traditions to their child. Event though they make hard attempts to transform their children they are not still sure whether American society will accept them. Children loses their natural and cultural personality and at the same time fails to acquire the culture of the new land where they reached. In the poem ‘Sonrisas’ we find the images of living in two world. Through the poem Mora presents some of the experiences she encounters in her life in the two worlds. Mora describes her working place that is strict, dull and boring. The term â€Å"quiet clicking† explains the quietness of her office. Mora’s words like â€Å"black coffee† and â€Å"budgets, tenure, and curriculum† makes the readers understand how boring her office is. Mora is indirectly presenting the alienation she suffers in her work place. The poem heritage presents before the readers the painful experience of a man of color w ho suffers ill treatment being an alien. He is ridiculed because of his dark skin. An alien in the American land will have the same experience. The poem refugee ship also tells the story of the unfortunate speaker who suffers because of her identity. The speaker presents her sorrow, being alienated from her American and Mexican cultures. Literary works include the theme of alienation to highlight the importance of eliminating alienation. Alienation is a painful experience for immigrants. Alienation disturbs the immigrant children in several ways. The effect of prejudice on immigrant children in public schools is not negligible (Takaki 10). Abuse influences the personality of children. According to Karen Horney, experience in the early childhood influences the character development of a person. Hurting experiences can prepare children with criminal attitude. The childhood experiences create the self or character of child. Children may undergo defective self-development because of the abuse that they undergo in their early life. Abuse negatively influences children’s construction of self. They are thus susceptible to various wrong habits and practices. The practice or attitude of showing discrimination towards an individual belonging to a foreign race, ethnicity and nationality is very common in the United States. It is highly prevalent in work places and educational institutions. These attitudes are quite unhealthy and unjust and are extremely intolerant (Simmel 375). Individuals are discriminated on the basis of nationality, race, ethnicity, color and various other factors and are not allowed to exercise their constitutional rights even (Simmel 375). In the educational insti

Hinduism and Buddhism - What Sets Them Apart Essay

Hinduism and Buddhism - What Sets Them Apart - Essay Example The notion of human self differs in Hinduism and Buddhism. According to Hinduism, the individual soul or atman is separate from the body and the intellect. This Atman is indestructible, eternal, and unaffected by the changes in life. Individual actions (karma) are governed by the caste, but the soul is independent of caste and action. The ultimate goal of this atman is to end the cycle of births by merging with the all-pervasive Brahman (Mundaka Upanishad, in The Upanishads cited in Hinduism 66). Buddhist teachings on the other hand claim that there is no such thing as the eternal self. According to Buddhism, each individual is formed by combining the form, feelings, perceptions, volition, and consciousness. The law of karma (action) binds these five forces (The Theravada Buddhist Worldview). Individual actions are results of desires, which lead to suffering and rebirth. To break away from the cycle of births, one must give up desires. As with the Buddhist perspective of the human so ul, their views on God are quite different from those of Hindus. Buddhism is an atheist religion. Buddhists believe that individuals have to strive for enlightenment and that God does not help the man in this struggle. Even Buddha is not considered a God, but a venerated leader who showed the path to enlightenment (Means: The Four Noble Truth – The Eight-fold Path of the Middle Way). On the other hand, Hinduism is a religion with many gods, the most venerated being Brahma the creator of the universe, Vishnu the preserver, and Siva the destroyer, along with their respective divine consorts Sarasvati the goddess of knowledge, Lakshmi the goddess of wealth, and Parvati the universal mother. Buddha is considered an incarnation of Vishnu and hence a God (Devotional and Literature Movements: The Puranas). A Hindu could be devoted to any particular God of his/her choice. This Hindu tolerance towards many gods caused Buddhism in India to fade into Hinduism over time (Introduction, Th eravada Buddhism – the Middle Way).